Perhaps the most intriguing map evidence is at the north end of this drainage divide segment where previously mentioned Rogers Creek (which originated high on the west wall of the south-oriented North Laramie River valley to the south of Continuing in a south direction along the Little Medicine Bow-North Laramie River drainage divide a broad (more than 5 kilometers) a shallow divide crossing is just to the southeast of Buck Point and links east-northeast and southeast-oriented Twentytwo Mile Draw drainage to the North Laramie River with southeast-oriented Bone Creek headwaters (which flow to southwest-oriented Greasewood Creek and then to the Little Medicine River). The most distinctive clasts are rhyolitic cobbles, pebbles, and granules from late Oligocene volcanic fields in Colorado” which implies they must have been transported by northeast-oriented streams crossing what are today the Laramie Basin and the Laramie Range core. While detailed topographic maps covering most North American regions have been available for at least fifty years the published geomorphology literature rarely describes such studies, perhaps because the commonly accepted geomorphology paradigm does not offer good explanations for what the detailed topographic maps show. In other words, while explaining some topographic map evidence the accepted paradigm does not explain all of the evidence.The new paradigm interpretation requires large and prolonged south-oriented floods to have flowed in diverging and converging channels across the rising Laramie Mountains and into the Laramie Basin before southeast-oriented North Platte River valley headward erosion (combined with Laramie Mountains uplift) captured the flood flow. Schists, gneisses, porphyries, and gabbros are alike worn to a common level; and so slightly do they affect the details of the topography that surface forms are of doubtful value in mapping the outcrops of the different rock formations”.Several workers have tried to explain the above observations from an accepted paradigm perspective. Further, evidence that large volumes of water once flowed across the Laramie Range and previous interpretations have caused geomorphologists abiding by accepted paradigm rules to propose that more than 400 meters of Oligocene and Miocene sediments once filled the Laramie Basin even though few if any of those sediments remain in the Laramie Basin today.In contrast the new paradigm explains Lodgepole, Crow, and Lone Tree Creek direction turns by the sequential headward erosion of south-oriented valleys from an actively eroding northeast-oriented South Platte River valley across the south half of large east-oriented anastomosing channel complex while headward of a north-oriented valley from an actively eroding North Platte River valley across the north half of that same large anastomosing channel complex explains the Horse Creek direction turn.
The Gangplank, which today serves as a low gradient ramp of Tertiary Ogallala Formation sediments leading from the Great Plains to the Laramie Range erosion surface, is located along the Crow Creek-Lone Tree Creek drainage divide and low points along that divide (referred to here as divide crossings) suggest, prior to headward erosion of what is now its south-oriented downstream Lone Tree Creek valley, upstream east-oriented Lone Tree Creek drainage routes were intertwined with east-oriented Crow Creek drainage routes, which today flow much further in an east direction (than east-oriented upstream Lone Tree Creek drainage routes) before also turning in a south direction to reach the South Platte River. A new and fundamentally different paradigm is needed in which drainage divide formation took place as massive floods flowed across rising regions and mountain ranges and requires recognition of a North American continental ice sheet that not only deeply eroded bedrock underneath it, but that also raised entire regions and mountain ranges as large and prolonged meltwater floods moved across them.Arthur Strahler (then at Columbia University) and Brainerd Mears Jr. (then at the University of Wyoming) during the mid 1960s introduced this author to numerous unsolved drainage history problems. Yet, in spite of being a well-known region and of having excellent topographic map coverage accepted paradigm rules and commonly accepted interpretations have prevented most geomorphologists from trying to explain significant drainage features such as the Crow Creek-Lone Tree Creek drainage divide (in other words the Gangplank) and the Horse, Lodgepole, Crow, and Lone Tree Creek direction changes. I_���+�`����'�3/�"K�|{�6%� �q�\#:7��)A���ܺ�E*�! Trapped in the Laramie Basin the north-oriented floodwaters spilled eastward across the rising Laramie Mountains and carved a large complex of east-oriented diverging and converging bedrock-walled canyons. The North Platte River originates in a mountain surrounded basin (known as North Park) which is surrounded by late Oligocene volcanic fields [4] and from Colorado flows in a north direction to central Wyoming where it turns around the Laramie Range northwest end to flow in an east and southeast direction into Nebraska. A triple divide is a point, often a summit, where three drainage basins meet. Detailed topographic maps were used to study the drainage divide along the Laramie Range crest between the north-flowing Laramie River (in the Laramie Basin) and east- and south-flowing South Platte River tributaries (i.e. Southeast-oriented South Platte River headwaters and tributaries (to the south of The most significant previous work (related to this paper) was done over many years and resulted in the detailed topographic maps now available at the United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Map website. While perhaps not impossible trying to explain the modern-day drainage features, such as the North Platte River, Laramie River, Horse Creek, Lodgepole Creek, Crow Creek, and Lone Tree Creek direction changes and the absence of almost all Laramie Basin Oligocene and Miocene sediments from the accepted paradigm perspective is extremely complicated so a simpler explanation almost certainly exists. Anastomosing Channels in the Crow and Lone Tree Creek Areabedrock units underlying the Miocene age Ogallala Formation (such as the Oligocene age White River Formation) [5].
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