Similar is the horse and fertility goddess, Epona, who was also worshipped by the Romans when they came to rule Gaul.
Body hair kept dirt close to the body, and Celts were an extremely clean people, so this was unacceptable.
The Ogham script was mostly used in early Christian times in Ireland and Scotland, and was only used for ceremonial purposes such as inscriptions on gravestones. “The whole race,” Strabo noted, “is madly fond of war, high-spirited and quick to battle but otherwise straightforward and not of evil character.” They excelled in raiding other tribes for revenge and rustling horses and cattle.
An elected senate and two councils ruled, and it had a vigorous entrepreneurial class and a high standard of living. By jonathan.lenton | Updated: Feb. 4, 2015, 2:09 p.m. Loading... Slideshow Movie. The most educated druids were usually doctors, priests, and heralds, as these occupations required the most memorization and skill for their practices. To our understanding, Celts believed the soul resided in the head, and that capturing a head meant that one captured the soul of an opponent, and that when a Celt died, the dead whom he had collected would serve him as slaves for eternity. Finally, they rushed the enemy, using swords to shear faces and limbs, spears to thrust and shields to repulse opponents. Such executions varied, depending on what god the execution was dedicated to. This was not an army of individual heroes hungry for glory but one of cohesion, precision and massive striking power. The warriors would then return home or perhaps sack the enemy’s town. A great example is Lugos, a heroic sun god from Gaul and the southern, Gallic parts of Britain. There are instances recorded where women participated both in warfare and in kingship, although they were in the minority in these areas. Their interaction marked a collision of differing political systems—that of free-ranging tribes versus a highly regimented state bent on territorial and economic aggrandizement—and proved a mighty contest between the Celtic and Mediterranean ways of life. The Greeks called these diverse people the Celtic social structure radiated outward from the family to the extended family, clan, tribe and tribal alliances. Patron-client relationships similar to those of Roman society are also described by Caesar and others in the Gaul of the first century BCE.In the main, the evidence is of tribes being led by kings, although some argue that there is evidence of oligarchical republican forms of government eventually emerging in areas in close contact with Rome. By the time of the Battle of the Allia, Rome had grown from an insignificant village on the Tiber River into a regional power, its citizens having defeating the Etruscans and other Latin peoples in a long series of wars. Most descriptions of Celtic societies describe them as being divided into three groups: a warrior aristocracy; an intellectual class including professions such as druid, poet, and jurist; and everyone else. After a series of marches and engagements against Caesar, Vercingetorix’s forces retreated to a hill camp at Alesia (present-day central France), where they awaited the arrival of 8,000 cavalry and 240,000 infantry from allied tribes. It was highly structured, with an officer corps, engineers, medics, auxiliaries, artillery and other specialized troops. Physically bigger than the Romans, the Celts wielded long double-edged iron swords for slashing and sheltered behind body-length shields fitted with pointed metal bosses, which they punched into the enemy. Both cultures worshiped a pantheon of essentially similar gods, although Romans abhorred the Celtic practice of human sacrifice.For ambitious Romans the prospect of the Celts’ fertile lands and rich gold and salt mines proved irresistible. There wasn’t a uniform Celtic nation or state; what linked them was their Indo-European language, ethnicity and certain shared cultural characteristics and artistic styles. A commander could observe and control troop movements from behind the lines, dispatching orders to his officers.
The Celts (Ancient Greek Κέλτοι Keltoi; Latin Celtae, Galli, Galati) were tribes and tribal confederations of ancient Europe, who resided in west central Europe in the Late Bronze Age and early Iron Age (the Hallstatt culture).In the La Tène period they expanded, through migration and cultural transmission, to the British Isles, northern Iberia, the Balkan peninsula and Asia Minor. The wealthy rode on horseback and cloaked themselves in chain mail of their own invention. In Britain they painted their bodies with woad, a flowering plant that yields a dark blue dye.The Celts were fierce, clever and brave in combat. The main deities of Celtic religion, contrary to much misconception, were usually male. Thus we are forced to rely on accounts from such Roman writers as Strabo, Caesar, Polybius and others who were predictably biased and oftentimes misinterpreted Celtic ways.
Another theme with Celt gods were triple deities; not only goddesses, but numerous gods. Visit BBC Webwise for full instructions. The seasoned Roman army, most likely in a tightly packed phalanx formation, was unprepared for the might and fury of the Celtic charge. Ultimately, a charismatic Celtic warlord named Vercingetorix, of the Arverni, united the Gallic tribes in resistance to the Romans. Early depictions of him exist as early as the Hallstatt era, suggesting him as one of the longest existing gods of Celtic religion.
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